前言
本文仅记录一次学习爬虫的实验过程
糗事百科是一个发布糗事笑话的网站,用户不用登录账号就可以访问。
1、分析糗事百科网站
1.1 观察
打开糗百首页 https://www.qiushibaike.com/, 可看到有“热门”、“24小时”、“热图”、“文字”、“穿越”、“糗图”、“新鲜”等几个分类,点开某个分类,只能显示13页的文章,而本次实验是要爬取尽可能多的文章,显然这样不符合本次需求。点开某一个笑话可看到网址变成类似于这样“https://www.qiushibaike.com/article/121175659”, 即糗事百科的文章是由“https://www.qiushibaike.com/article/” 和一串数字组成的,在这里我把这串数字称为文章id。点开首页最新的文章(2018年12月18日),显示的文章id为121356768,点穿越分类下的文章,会随机跳转到历史某一天的文章,例如2010年5月9日有个文章的id是‘268312’,说明糗事百科的文章id是按文章的发布时间从小到大排列的。
1.2 验证猜想
随便输入一个数字,比如123,即访问址 “https://www.qiushibaike.com/article/123”, 发现确实能跳转到某一篇文章,但是网址末尾的数字变了,说明123这个文章id不存在,当文章id不存在时,糗百会自动跳转到随机的一篇文章。
1.3 爬取思路
遍历从0到最新的文章id,即range(0,121359999)这个区间内的数字,比如想验证‘123456’这个文章id是否存在,只需要获取网址 https://www.qiushibaike.com/article/123456 的网页源代码
- 如果有
123456这个文章id,那么在网页源代码中会有一行href=\"//www.qiushibaike.com/article/123456\" - 如果不存在
123456,那么对应的href=\"//www.qiushibaike.com/article/xxxx\"就会变成其他数字
此时只需要看123456和xxxx是否相等就可判断出结果。
1.4 需要注意的问题
- 需要用代理ip爬取,不然爬取次数过多,会让输入验证码
- 开启多线程加快爬取速度
2、爬虫代码
分两个文件,一个是获取代理ip,另一个是多线程爬取文章id
获取代理ip的文件 dailitest.py内容如下:
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import requests,threading,datetime
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import random
\"\"\"
1、抓取西刺代理网站的代理ip
2、并根据指定的目标url,对抓取到ip的有效性进行验证
3、最后存到指定的path
\"\"\"
# ------------------------------------------------------文档处理--------------------------------------------------------
# 写入文档
def write(path,text):
with open(path,\'a\', encoding=\'utf-8\') as f:
#writelines可以把列表内容逐个写到文本文件中,此处换成write也可以
f.writelines(text)
f.write(\'\\n\')
# 清空文档
def truncatefile(path):
with open(path, \'w\', encoding=\'utf-8\') as f:
#f.truncate(5)会截取从文件开头到5字节大小的长度,为空或0size表示清空文件
f.truncate()
# 读取文档,此处读取文档主要是为了统计有效ip的个数
def read(path):
with open(path, \'r\', encoding=\'utf-8\') as f:
txt = []
for s in f.readlines():
txt.append(s.strip())
return txt
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# 计算时间差,格式: 时分秒
def gettimediff(start,end):
#.seconds获取时间差,最大值小于86400s(一天的秒数),而.total_seconds是所有时间差
seconds = (end - start).total_seconds()
#divmod(7,2)会返回(3,1),即7除以2,商是3,余数是1
m, s = divmod(seconds, 60)
h, m = divmod(m, 60)
d, h = divmod(h,24)
diff = (\"%02d天%02d:%02d:%02d\" % (d,h, m, s))
return diff
# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# 返回一个随机的请求头 headers
def getheaders():
user_agent_list = [
\"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/22.0.1207.1 Safari/537.1\",
\"Mozilla/5.0 (X11; CrOS i686 2268.111.0) AppleWebKit/536.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1132.57 Safari/536.11\",
\"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.6 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1092.0 Safari/536.6\",
\"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.6 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1090.0 Safari/536.6\",
\"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.77.34.5 Safari/537.1\",
\"Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/536.5 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1084.9 Safari/536.5\",
\"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.0) AppleWebKit/536.5 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1084.36 Safari/536.5\",
\"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1063.0 Safari/536.3\",
\"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.1) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1063.0 Safari/536.3\",
\"Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_8_0) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1063.0 Safari/536.3\",
\"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1062.0 Safari/536.3\",
\"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1062.0 Safari/536.3\",
\"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.1 Safari/536.3\",
\"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.1 Safari/536.3\",
\"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.1 Safari/536.3\",
\"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.0 Safari/536.3\",
\"Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/535.24 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1055.1 Safari/535.24\",
\"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; WOW64) AppleWebKit/535.24 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1055.1 Safari/535.24\"
]
UserAgent=random.choice(user_agent_list)
headers = {\'User-Agent\': UserAgent}
return headers
# -----------------------------------------------------检查ip是否可用----------------------------------------------------
def checkip(targeturl,ip):
headers =getheaders() # 定制请求头
proxies = {\"http\": \"http://\"+ip, \"https\": \"http://\"+ip} # 代理ip
try:
response=requests.get(url=targeturl,proxies=proxies,headers=headers,timeout=5).status_code
if response == 200 :
return True
else:
return False
except:
return False
#-------------------------------------------------------获取代理方法----------------------------------------------------
# 免费代理 XiciDaili
def findip(type,pagenum,targeturl,path): # ip类型,页码,目标url,存放ip的路径
list={\'1\': \'http://www.xicidaili.com/nt/\', # xicidaili国内普通代理
\'2\': \'http://www.xicidaili.com/nn/\', # xicidaili国内高匿代理
\'3\': \'http://www.xicidaili.com/wn/\', # xicidaili国内https代理
\'4\': \'http://www.xicidaili.com/wt/\'} # xicidaili国外http代理
url=list[str(type)]+str(pagenum) # 配置url
headers = getheaders() # 定制请求头
html=requests.get(url=url,headers=headers,timeout = 5).text
soup=BeautifulSoup(html,\'l \')
all=soup.find_all(\'tr\',class_=\'odd\')
for i in all:
t=i.find_all(\'td\')
ip=t[1].text+\':\'+t[2].text
is_avail = checkip(targeturl,ip)
if is_avail == True:
write(path=path,text=ip)
print(ip)
#-----------------------------------------------------多线程抓取ip入口---------------------------------------------------
def getip(targeturl,path):
truncatefile(path) # 爬取前清空文档
start = datetime.datetime.now() # 开始时间
threads=[]
for type in range(4): # 四种类型ip,每种类型取前三页,共12条线程
for pagenum in range(3):
t=threading.Thread(target=findip,args=(type+1,pagenum+1,targeturl,path))
threads.append(t)
print(\'开始爬取代理ip\')
for s in threads: # 开启多线程爬取
s.start()
for e in threads: # 等待所有线程结束
e.join()
print(\'爬取完成\')
end = datetime.datetime.now() # 结束时间
diff = gettimediff(start, end) # 计算耗时
ips = read(path) # 读取爬到的ip数量
print(\'一共爬取代理ip: %s 个,共耗时: %s \\n\' % (len(ips), diff))
#-------------------------------------------------------启动-----------------------------------------------------------
# if __name__ == \'__main__\':
def start_ip():
path = \'ip.txt\' # 存放爬取ip的文档path
#targeturl = \'http://www.cnblogs.com/TurboWay/\' # 验证ip有效性的指定url
targeturl = \'https://www.qiushibaike.com/\'
getip(targeturl,path)
多线程爬取文章id qsbk_id.py内容如下:
# _*_ coding:utf-8 _*_
import requests
import re
import time
import random
import dailitest
import threading
import datetime
#获取可用ips[]列表
def get_ips():
dailitest.start_ip()
ips = []
filename = \'ip.txt\'
with open(filename, \'r\') as f_open:
for line in f_open.readlines():
ips.append(line.strip())
return ips
#将可用article_num写入文件
def yanzheng_ip(url,headers,proxies,article_id):
request = requests.get(url=url, headers=headers, proxies=proxies, timeout=5)
response = request.text
pattern = r\'href=\"//www.qiushibaike.com/article/(.*?)\"\'
num_list = re.findall(pattern, response)
if len(num_list) > 0:
num = num_list[0]
if str(article_id) == num:
print(\'已找到一个\')
filename = \'qsbk_id.txt\'
with open(filename, \'a\', encoding=\'utf-8\') as f_open:
f_open.write(\'\\n\' + num)
else:
print(article_id)
else:
print(article_id)
return
#收集因代理ip失效导致跳过的article_num
def tiaoguo_num(fail_num):
filename = \'fail_article_num.txt\'
with open(filename,\'a\',encoding=\'utf-8\') as f_open:
f_open.writelines(fail_num)
f_open.write(\'\\n\')
def single_thread(ips,article_id):
ip = random.choice(ips)
proxies = {\"http\": \"http://\" + ip, \"https\": \"http://\" + ip}
url = \'https://www.qiushibaike.com/article/\' + str(article_id)
try:
yanzheng_ip(url,headers,proxies,article_id)
except:
print(\'代理ip失效:%s,还剩%d个代理ip\' % (ip,len(ips)))
print(article_id)
fail_num = str(article_id)
tiaoguo_num(fail_num)
ips.remove(ip)
#每次10个线程爬取,从30000000开始
def many_threads(ips):
threads = []
y1 = 1
max = 121400000
for x9 in range(2):
if y1 > max:
break
y9 = 100000000 * x9
for x8 in range(3, 10):
if y1 > max:
break
y8 = 10000000 * x8
for x7 in range(10):
if y1 > max:
break
y7 = 1000000 * x7
for x6 in range(10):
if y1 > max:
break
y6 = 100000 * x6
for x5 in range(10):
if y1 > max:
break
y5 = 10000 * x5
for x4 in range(10):
if y1 > max:
break
y4 = 1000 * x4
for x3 in range(10):
if y1 > max:
break
y3 = 100 * x3
for x2 in range(10):
if y1 > max:
break
y2 = 10 * x2
for x1 in range(10):
if y1 > max:
break
y1 = y9 + y8 + y7 + y6 + y5 + y4 + y3 + y2 + x1
if y1 % 2000 == 0:
time.sleep(600)
if len(ips) < 10:
ips = get_ips()
t = threading.Thread(target=single_thread, args=(ips,y1))
threads.append(t)
for s in threads: # 开启多线程爬取
if not t.is_alive():
s.start()
for e in threads: # 等待所有线程结束
e.join()
threads = []
headers = dailitest.getheaders()
# ips = []
#for article_id in range(36885710,121344691):
ips = []
start = datetime.datetime.now()
many_threads(ips)
end = datetime.datetime.now()
diff = dailitest.gettimediff(start,end)
print(\'耗时\' + diff)
3、爬取结果截图如下:
回头再补
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